How Do I Download Music Videos On My Flash Drive To Play In My Car On My Tv Rado For Free? UPDATED

Deloach Witeromer March 07, 2022

How Do I Download Music Videos On My Flash Drive To Play In My Car On My Tv Rado For Free?

Data storage device

"Leap drive" redirects hither. For the fictional space travel method, see Hyperspace. For the flash bulldoze brand, see Lexar.

A SanDisk Cruzer USB drive from 2011, with four GB of storage capacity

A SanDisk Ultra Flair USB bulldoze from 2020, attached with an HP Laptop

A USB flash drive (i.e. thumb bulldoze)[1] [note 1] is a data storage device that includes flash retention with an integrated USB interface. It is typically removable, rewritable and much smaller than an optical disc. Most weigh less than 30 g (one oz). Since showtime appearing on the marketplace in late 2000, as with virtually all other computer memory devices, storage capacities have risen while prices have dropped. As of March 2016[update], wink drives with anywhere from 8 to 256 gigabytes (GB[four]) were often sold, while 512 GB and ane terabyte (TB[5]) units were less frequent.[six] [vii] Every bit of 2018, 2 TB wink drives were the largest available in terms of storage capacity.[8] Some permit upwards to 100,000 write/erase cycles, depending on the exact type of retentivity chip used, and are thought to physically final between x and 100 years under normal circumstances (shelf storage time[9]).

Common uses of USB flash drives are for storage, supplementary back-ups, and transferring of computer files. Compared with floppy disks or CDs, they are smaller, faster, take significantly more capacity, and are more durable due to a lack of moving parts. Additionally, they are less vulnerable to electromagnetic interference than floppy disks, and are unharmed by surface scratches (unlike CDs). Still, as with whatever flash storage, data loss from bit leaking due to prolonged lack of electrical ability and the possibility of spontaneous controller failure due to poor manufacturing could make it unsuitable for long-term archival of data. The ability to retain data is affected by the controller's firmware, internal data redundancy, and error correction algorithms.[x] [11]

Until about 2005, most desktop and laptop computers were supplied with floppy deejay drives in improver to USB ports, simply floppy deejay drives became obsolete after widespread adoption of USB ports and the larger USB bulldoze capacity compared to the "i.44 megabyte" (1440 kibibyte) 3.v-inch floppy deejay.

USB flash drives use the USB mass storage device course standard, supported natively by modern operating systems such as Windows, Linux, macOS and other Unix-similar systems, too as many BIOS boot ROMs. USB drives with USB two.0 back up can store more data and transfer faster than much larger optical disc drives similar CD-RW or DVD-RW drives and can be read by many other systems such as the Xbox One, PlayStation 4, DVD players, automobile entertainment systems, and in a number of handheld devices such as smartphones and tablet computers, though the electronically like SD card is amend suited for those devices, due to their standardized form factor, which allows information technology to be housed within a device without protruding.

A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit lath conveying the circuit elements and a USB connector, insulated electrically and protected inside a plastic, metal, or rubberized case, which can be carried in a pocket or on a cardinal chain, for example. Some are equipped with an I/O indication LED that lights up or blinks upon access. The USB connector may be protected by a removable cap or past retracting into the body of the drive, although it is non likely to be damaged if unprotected. Most flash drives use a standard type-A USB connectedness allowing connection with a port on a personal computer, but drives for other interfaces too exist (eastward.g. micro-USB and USB-C ports). USB flash drives draw power from the computer via the USB connection. Some devices combine the functionality of a portable media role player with USB flash storage; they require a battery only when used to play music on the go.

History [edit]

The basis for USB flash drives is flash memory, a type of floating-gate semiconductor retention invented by Fujio Masuoka in the early 1980s. Flash retentivity uses floating-gate MOSFET transistors as memory cells.[12] [13]

Multiple individuals have staked a claim to being the inventor of the USB wink drive. On April 5, 1999, Amir Ban, Dov Moran, and Oron Ogdan of One thousand-Systems, an Israeli visitor, filed a patent awarding entitled "Architecture for a Universal Serial Bus-Based PC Wink Disk".[fourteen] [three] The patent was subsequently granted on November xiv, 2000 and these individuals have often been recognized as the inventors of the USB flash bulldoze.[fifteen] As well in 1999, Shimon Shmueli, an engineer at IBM, submitted an invention disclosure asserting that he had invented the USB flash drive.[iii] [16] A Singaporean visitor named Trek 2000 International is the first visitor known to take sold a USB flash bulldoze, and has likewise maintained that it is the original inventor of the device.[17] Finally Pua Khein-Seng, a Malaysian engineer, has also been recognized by some as a possible inventor of the device.[18]

Given these competing claims to inventorship, patent disputes involving the USB flash drive have arisen over the years. Both Trek 2000 International and Netac Engineering have accused others of infringing their patents on the USB flash drive.[nineteen] [xx] [21] However, despite these lawsuits, the question of who was the first to invent the USB flash bulldoze has non been definitively settled and multiple claims persist.

Engineering improvements [edit]

Flash drives are oft measured by the rate at which they transfer data. Transfer rates may be given in megabytes per second (MB/s), megabits per second (Mbit/south), or in optical bulldoze multipliers such equally "180X" (180 times 150 KiB/s).[22] File transfer rates vary considerably among devices. Second generation flash drives accept claimed to read at up to 30 MB/s and write at near half that rate, which was about 20 times faster than the theoretical transfer rate achievable by the previous model, USB 1.1, which is limited to 12 Mbit/s (1.v MB/due south) with accounted overhead.[23] The effective transfer rate of a device is significantly affected by the data access design.[24]

By 2002, USB wink drives had USB ii.0 connectivity, which has 480 Mbit/south as the transfer rate upper jump; after accounting for the protocol overhead that translates to a 35 MB/s effective throughput.[25] That same twelvemonth, Intel sparked widespread apply of 2nd generation USB by including them within its laptops.[26]

By 2010, the maximum available storage capacity for the devices had reached upwards of 128 GB.[27] USB 3.0 was deadening to appear in laptops. Through 2010, the bulk of laptop models still contained only USB 2.0.[26]

In January 2013, tech visitor Kingston, released a wink drive with ane TB of storage.[28] The first USB 3.1 blazon-C flash drives, with read/write speeds of around 530 MB/s, were announced in March 2015.[29] By July 2016, wink drives with 8 to 256 GB capacity were sold more than ofttimes than those with capacities betwixt 512 GB and 1 TB.[half-dozen] [7] In 2017, Kingston Engineering announced the release of a 2-TB wink drive.[30] In 2018, SanDisk appear a 1TB USB-C flash drive, the smallest of its kind.[31]

Usbkey internals.jpg
Internals of a typical USB flash drive

1 USB Standard-A, "male" plug
2 USB mass storage controller device
3 Examination indicate
4 Flash memory flake
5 Crystal oscillator
6 LED (Optional)
7 Write-protect switch (Optional)
viii Infinite for second flash memory bit

On a USB flash drive, 1 finish of the device is fitted with a unmarried Standard-A USB plug; some flash drives additionally offer a micro USB plug, facilitating data transfers betwixt different devices.[32]

Technology [edit]

On a USB flash drive, one end of the device is fitted with a single USB plug; some flash drives additionally offer a micro USB plug, facilitating data transfers between different devices.

Inside the plastic casing is a modest printed circuit board, which has some power circuitry and a small number of surface-mounted integrated circuits (ICs).[ commendation needed ] Typically, i of these ICs provides an interface between the USB connector and the onboard memory, while the other is the flash memory. Drives typically use the USB mass storage device course to communicate with the host.[33]

Flash retentivity [edit]

Flash retentivity combines a number of older technologies, with lower cost, lower power consumption and small size made possible past advances in semiconductor device fabrication technology. The memory storage was based on before EPROM and EEPROM technologies. These had limited chapters, were slow for both reading and writing, required complex high-voltage drive circuitry, and could be re-written simply afterward erasing the entire contents of the chip.

Hardware designers later adult EEPROMs with the erasure region cleaved upwardly into smaller "fields" that could be erased individually without affecting the others. Altering the contents of a particular memory location involved copying the unabridged field into an off-bit buffer memory, erasing the field, modifying the data as required in the buffer, and re-writing it into the same field. This required considerable figurer support, and PC-based EEPROM flash retentivity systems oftentimes carried their own defended microprocessor organization. Flash drives are more than or less a miniaturized version of this.

The development of loftier-speed serial data interfaces such equally USB made semiconductor retentivity systems with serially accessed storage viable, and the simultaneous development of small, loftier-speed, depression-ability microprocessor systems immune this to be incorporated into extremely compact systems. Serial access requires far fewer electrical connections for the retentivity chips than does parallel access, which has simplified the industry of multi-gigabyte drives.

Computers access modern[update] flash memory systems very much like difficult disk drives, where the controller system has total command over where information is actually stored. The actual EEPROM writing and erasure processes are, however, still very like to the earlier systems described to a higher place.

Many low-toll MP3 players simply add together extra software and a bombardment to a standard flash memory control microprocessor so it tin also serve as a music playback decoder. Almost of these players can also be used equally a conventional flash drive, for storing files of whatsoever type.

Essential components [edit]

The internal mechanical and electronic parts of a Kingston 2 GB flash drive

In that location are typically v parts to a wink bulldoze:

  • USB plug – provides a concrete interface to the host computer. Some USB flash drives use USB plug that does not protect the contacts, with the possibility of plugging it into the USB port in the wrong orientation, if the connector type is non symmetrical.
  • USB mass storage controller – a small microcontroller with a small amount of on-chip ROM and RAM.
  • NAND flash memory chip(s) – stores data (NAND flash is typically also used in digital cameras).
  • Crystal oscillator – produces the device'southward main clock signal and controls the device'due south data output through a stage-locked loop.
  • Cover – typically made of plastic or metallic, protecting the electronics confronting mechanical stress and even possible curt circuits.

Additional components [edit]

The typical device may also include:

The front and rear side of a USB flash bulldoze with the casing removed

  • Jumpers and exam pins – for testing during the flash drive'southward manufacturing or loading code into its microcontroller.
  • LEDs – bespeak data transfers or data reads and writes.
  • Write-protect switches – Enable or disable writing of data into memory.
  • Unpopulated infinite – provides infinite to include a 2nd memory chip. Having this 2nd infinite allows the manufacturer to use a single printed excursion board for more one storage size device.
  • USB connector comprehend or cap – reduces the risk of damage, prevents the entry of dirt or other contaminants, and improves overall device appearance. Some flash drives utilize retractable USB connectors instead. Others have a swivel arrangement so that the connector tin can be protected without removing anything.
  • Transport aid – the cap or the trunk often contains a pigsty suitable for connectedness to a cardinal chain or lanyard. Connecting the cap, rather than the trunk, can let the drive itself to exist lost.
  • Some drives offer expandable storage via an internal retentiveness carte du jour slot, much similar a memory carte du jour reader.[34] [35]

Size and style of packaging [edit]

Wink drives come in various shapes and sizes, sometimes bulky or novelty, such equally the shape of ikura gunkan-maki.

A USB flash drive in the shape of a central

Assortment of USB flash drives

Most USB wink drives counterbalance less than 30 one thousand (one oz).[36] While some manufacturers are competing for the smallest size,[37] with the biggest memory, offering drives but a few millimeters larger than the USB plug itself,[38] some manufacturers differentiate their products by using elaborate housings, which are often beefy and make the drive difficult to connect to the USB port. Because the USB port connectors on a computer housing are ofttimes closely spaced, plugging a flash drive into a USB port may block an side by side port. Such devices may carry the USB logo only if sold with a dissever extension cable. Such cables are USB-compatible but exercise not adapt to the USB standard.[39] [forty]

USB flash drives have been integrated into other commonly carried items, such as watches, pens, light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers, and even the Swiss Army Pocketknife; others have been fitted with novelty cases such as toy cars or Lego bricks. USB flash drives with images of dragons, cats or aliens are very pop in Asia.[41] The small size, robustness and cheapness of USB flash drives make them an increasingly pop peripheral for case modding.

File organisation [edit]

Nigh wink drives transport preformatted with the FAT32, or exFAT file systems. The ubiquity of the FAT32 file system allows the drive to exist accessed on well-nigh whatsoever host device with USB support. Also, standard FAT maintenance utilities (east.yard., ScanDisk) can exist used to repair or think corrupted data. However, because a wink drive appears as a USB-continued hard drive to the host system, the drive tin can exist reformatted to whatsoever file system supported by the host operating system.

Defragmenting [edit]

Flash drives can be defragmented. At that place is a widespread opinion that defragmenting brings fiddling reward (as there is no mechanical head that moves from fragment to fragment), and that defragmenting shortens the life of the bulldoze by making many unnecessary writes.[42] All the same, some sources claim[43] that defragmenting a flash drive can improve operation (generally due to improved caching of the clustered data), and the additional wear on flash drives may not be significant.

Fifty-fifty distribution [edit]

Some file systems are designed to distribute usage over an entire memory device without concentrating usage on any part (e.chiliad., for a directory) to prolong the life of simple flash memory devices. Some USB wink drives have this 'wear leveling' feature built into the software controller to prolong device life, while others do not, and then it is not necessarily helpful to install i of these file systems.[44]

Hard disk drive drive [edit]

Sectors are 512 bytes long, for compatibility with hard disk drives, and the first sector can contain a master boot record and a partition tabular array. Therefore, USB wink units can be partitioned just like difficult disk drives.

Longevity [edit]

The retentivity in flash drives was commonly engineered with multi-level prison cell (MLC) based retentiveness that is skilful for around 3,000-five,000 plan-erase cycles.[45] Nowadays Triple-level Prison cell (TLC) is also often used, which has up to 500 write cycles per concrete sector, while some high-end flash drives have unmarried-level cell (SLC) based memory that is practiced for effectually thirty,000 writes.[46] At that place is nearly no limit to the number of reads from such flash memory, so a well-worn USB drive may be write-protected to assist ensure the life of private cells.

Estimation of flash memory endurance is a challenging field of study that depends on the SLC/MLC/TLC memory blazon, size of the wink memory chips, and actual usage pattern. As a consequence, a USB flash bulldoze can last from a few days to several hundred years.[47]

Regardless of the endurance of the retentiveness itself, the USB connector hardware is specified to withstand only effectually ane,500 insert-removal cycles.[48]

Counterfeit products [edit]

Counterfeit USB flash drives are sometimes sold with claims of having college capacities than they really have. These are typically depression capacity USB drives whose flash memory controller firmware is modified so that they emulate larger capacity drives (for example, a 2 GB drive beingness marketed as a 64 GB drive). When plugged into a reckoner, they report themselves as being the larger capacity they were sold as, but when data is written to them, either the write fails, the drive freezes up, or it overwrites existing data. Software tools exist to cheque and detect fake USB drives,[49] [l] and in some cases it is possible to repair these devices to remove the fake capacity data and use its real storage limit.[51]

File transfer speeds [edit]

Transfer speeds are technically adamant by the slowest of three factors: the USB version used, the speed in which the USB controller device can read and write data onto the flash memory, and the speed of the hardware bus, especially in the example of add-on USB ports.

USB wink drives usually specify their read and write speeds in megabytes per second (MB/due south); read speed is ordinarily faster. These speeds are for optimal atmospheric condition; real-globe speeds are commonly slower. In particular, circumstances that often lead to speeds much lower than advertised are transfer (especially writing) of many pocket-size files rather than a few very large ones, and mixed reading and writing to the same device.

In a typical well-conducted review of a number of loftier-performance USB 3.0 drives, a drive that could read big files at 68 MB/s and write at 46 MB/s, could simply manage 14 MB/s and 0.3 MB/s with many small files. When combining streaming reads and writes the speed of another drive, that could read at 92 MB/s and write at 70 MB/s, was 8 MB/s. These differences differ radically from one drive to another; some drives could write pocket-sized files at over 10% of the speed for big ones. The examples given are chosen to illustrate extremes.[52]

Uses [edit]

Personal information transport [edit]

The most common use of wink drives is to transport and store personal files, such every bit documents, pictures and videos. Individuals also store medical information on flash drives for emergencies and disaster training.

Secure storage of information, application and software files [edit]

With wide deployment(s) of flash drives being used in various environments (secured or otherwise), the effect of data and data security remains important. The use of biometrics and encryption is becoming the norm with the need for increased security for data; on-the-fly encryption systems are particularly useful in this regard, as they tin transparently encrypt large amounts of information. In some cases a secure USB drive may use a hardware-based encryption mechanism that uses a hardware module instead of software for strongly encrypting data. IEEE 1667 is an attempt to create a generic hallmark platform for USB drives. It is supported in Windows 7 and Windows Vista (Service Pack 2 with a hotfix).[53]

Computer forensics and law enforcement [edit]

A recent development for the use of a USB Flash Drive as an awarding carrier is to carry the Computer Online Forensic Prove Extractor (COFEE) application developed by Microsoft. COFEE is a set of applications designed to search for and excerpt digital evidence on computers confiscated from suspects.[54] Forensic software is required not to modify, in any way, the data stored on the computer being examined. Other forensic suites run from CD-ROM or DVD-ROM, but cannot store data on the media they are run from (although they tin write to other attached devices, such as external drives or memory sticks).

Updating motherboard firmware [edit]

Motherboard firmware (including BIOS and UEFI) can be updated using USB wink drives. Normally, new firmware image is downloaded and placed onto a FAT16- or FAT32-formatted USB flash bulldoze connected to a organization which is to be updated, and path to the new firmware epitome is selected within the update component of system's firmware.[55] Some motherboard manufacturers are also allowing such updates to exist performed without the demand for entering system'due south firmware update component, making it possible to easily recover systems with corrupted firmware.[56]

Besides, HP has introduced a USB floppy bulldoze key, which is an ordinary USB wink drive with additional possibility for performing floppy bulldoze emulation, allowing its usage for updating system firmware where direct usage of USB flash drives is non supported. Desired way of operation (either regular USB mass storage device or of floppy bulldoze emulation) is made selectable by a sliding switch on the device'southward housing.[57] [58]

Booting operating systems [edit]

Nearly current PC firmware permits booting from a USB drive, allowing the launch of an operating system from a bootable flash drive. Such a configuration is known as a Live USB.[59]

Original flash memory designs had very limited estimated lifetimes. The failure mechanism for flash retentivity cells is coordinating to a metal fatigue mode; the device fails by refusing to write new data to specific cells that have been subject to many read-write cycles over the device'southward lifetime. Premature failure of a "live USB" could be circumvented by using a wink drive with a write-lock switch as a WORM device, identical to a live CD. Originally, this potential failure style limited the apply of "live USB" organisation to special-purpose applications or temporary tasks, such as:

  • Loading a minimal, hardened kernel for embedded applications (e.g., network router, firewall).
  • Bootstrapping an operating system install or disk cloning operation, often beyond a network.
  • Maintenance tasks, such equally virus scanning or low-level information repair, without the primary host operating system loaded.

Equally of 2011[update], newer flash memory designs take much higher estimated lifetimes. Several manufacturers are at present offering warranties of 5 years or more. Such warranties should brand the device more than attractive for more applications. By reducing the probability of the device'southward premature failure, flash retention devices tin can at present exist considered for use where a magnetic deejay would normally take been required. Wink drives have besides experienced an exponential growth in their storage capacity over time (following the Moore'south Police growth curve). As of 2013, single-packaged devices with capacities of ane TB are readily available,[threescore] and devices with 16 GB capacity are very economical. Storage capacities in this range take traditionally been considered to offer adequate infinite, considering they let enough infinite for both the operating organization software and some complimentary space for the user'due south data.

Operating system installation media [edit]

Installers of some operating systems can be stored to a flash drive instead of a CD or DVD, including various Linux distributions, Windows vii and newer versions, and macOS. In item, Mac OS X x.seven is distributed only online, through the Mac App Shop, or on flash drives; for a MacBook Air with Boot Camp and no external optical drive, a flash drive tin can be used to run installation of Windows or Linux.

All the same, for installation of Windows seven and afterward versions, using USB flash drive with hard disk bulldoze emulation every bit detected in PC's firmware is recommended in order to boot from it. Transcend is the only manufacturer of USB flash drives containing such feature.

Furthermore, for installation of Windows XP, using USB flash drive with storage limit of at most 2 GB is recommended in society to boot from information technology.

Windows ReadyBoost [edit]

In Windows Vista and subsequently versions, ReadyBoost characteristic allows wink drives (from iv GB in instance of Windows Vista) to augment operating system memory.[61]

Application carriers [edit]

Flash drives are used to behave applications that run on the host calculator without requiring installation. While whatsoever standalone application can in principle be used this way, many programs store data, configuration information, etc. on the hard drive and registry of the host figurer.

The U3 company works with bulldoze makers (parent company SanDisk every bit well as others) to deliver custom versions of applications designed for Microsoft Windows from a special flash drive; U3-compatible devices are designed to autoload a bill of fare when plugged into a calculator running Windows. Applications must be modified for the U3 platform non to leave any information on the host machine. U3 also provides a software framework for independent software vendors interested in their platform.

Ceedo is an alternative product, with the primal difference that it does not require Windows applications to be modified in gild for them to be carried and run on the drive.

Similarly, other application virtualization solutions and portable application creators, such as VMware ThinApp (for Windows) or RUNZ (for Linux) can exist used to run software from a wink drive without installation.

In Oct 2010, Apple Inc. released their newest iteration of the MacBook Air, which had the organization'south restore files contained on a USB difficult drive rather than the traditional install CDs, due to the Air not coming with an optical drive.[62]

A broad range of portable applications which are all free of accuse, and able to run off a reckoner running Windows without storing anything on the host reckoner's drives or registry, tin can be found in the list of portable software.

Backup [edit]

Some value-added resellers are at present using a wink bulldoze as part of minor-business turnkey solutions (due east.1000., betoken-of-sale systems). The drive is used every bit a backup medium: at the shut of business each night, the drive is inserted, and a database fill-in is saved to the drive. Alternatively, the bulldoze tin be left inserted through the concern day, and information regularly updated. In either case, the bulldoze is removed at night and taken offsite.

  • This is simple for the end-user, and more likely to be done.
  • The drive is small and convenient, and more likely to exist carried off-site for condom.
  • The drives are less fragile mechanically and magnetically than tapes.
  • The chapters is ofttimes large plenty for several backup images of critical information.
  • Wink drives are cheaper than many other backup systems.

Flash drives also have disadvantages. They are easy to lose and facilitate unauthorized backups. A lesser setback for flash drives is that they accept only one tenth the chapters of difficult drives manufactured around their time of distribution.

Password Reset Disk [edit]

Password Reset Disk is a feature of the Windows operating system. If a user sets up a Password Reset Disk, it tin can be used to reset the password on the computer it was set up on.

Audio players [edit]

A gimmicky thumb drive styled solid-state digital sound player (Sony Walkman B180 Serial)

Many companies make small solid-state digital sound players, substantially producing wink drives with audio output and a simple user interface. Examples include the Artistic MuVo, Philips GoGear and the commencement generation iPod shuffle. Some of these players are true USB flash drives also as music players; others do not support full general-purpose data storage. Other applications requiring storage, such as digital voice or audio recording, tin also exist combined with wink bulldoze functionality.[63]

Many of the smallest players are powered by a permanently fitted rechargeable battery, charged from the USB interface. Fancier devices that part as a digital audio player have a USB host port (blazon A female typically).

Media storage and marketing [edit]

The German ring Wizo'south Stick EP, released in 2004, was the start album released on a USB stick.

Digital audio files tin can be transported from ane computer to another like any other file, and played on a uniform media histrion (with caveats for DRM-locked files). In addition, many domicile Hi-Fi and machine stereo head units are at present equipped with a USB port. This allows a USB wink drive containing media files in a variety of formats to be played directly on devices which support the format. Some LCD monitors for consumer HDTV viewing have a dedicated USB port through which music and video files can also be played without use of a personal calculator.

Artists accept sold or given abroad USB wink drives, with the first instance believed to be in 2004 when the German language punk band Wizo released the Stick EP, just equally a USB drive. In improver to five loftier-bitrate MP3s, it besides included a video, pictures, lyrics, and guitar tablature.[64] Afterwards, artists including Ix Inch Nails and Kylie Minogue[65] have released music and promotional material on USB flash drives. The beginning USB album to be released in the UK was Osculation Does... Rave, a compilation album released by the Buss Network in April 2007.[66]

Brand and production promotion [edit]

The availability of inexpensive flash drives has enabled them to be used for promotional and marketing purposes, particularly within technical and computer-industry circles (e.g., applied science trade shows). They may be given abroad for free, sold at less than wholesale cost, or included as a bonus with another purchased product.

Usually, such drives will exist custom-stamped with a company'south logo, as a form of advertising. The drive may exist blank, or preloaded with graphics, documentation, web links, Wink animation or other multimedia, and free or sit-in software. Some preloaded drives are read-only, while others are configured with both read-only and user-writable segments. Such dual-partition drives are more expensive.[67]

Wink drives can be fix up to automatically launch stored presentations, websites, articles, and whatever other software immediately on insertion of the bulldoze using the Microsoft Windows AutoRun feature.[68] Autorunning software this manner does not work on all computers, and information technology is normally disabled by security-witting users.

Arcades [edit]

In the arcade game In the Groove and more normally In The Groove 2, flash drives are used to transfer high scores, screenshots, dance edits, and combos throughout sessions. As of software revision 21 (R21), players can too store custom songs and play them on any motorcar on which this feature is enabled. While use of flash drives is common, the drive must be Linux compatible.

In the arcade games Pump it Up NX2 and Pump it Upwards NXA, a specially produced flash drive is used as a "save file" for unlocked songs, equally well as for progressing in the WorldMax and Encephalon Shower sections of the game.

In the arcade game Dance Dance Revolution Ten, an exclusive USB flash bulldoze was made past Konami for the purpose of the link feature from its Sony PlayStation two counterpart. Nonetheless, any USB flash drive can be used in this arcade game.

Conveniences [edit]

Flash drives employ picayune ability, have no frail moving parts, and for most capacities are small and low-cal. Data stored on flash drives is impervious to mechanical shock, magnetic fields, scratches and dust. These properties make them suitable for transporting data from place to place and keeping the data readily at hand.

Wink drives also store information densely compared to many removable media. In mid-2009, 256 GB drives became available, with the power to hold many times more data than a DVD (54 DVDs) or even a Blu-ray (x BDs).[69]

Flash drives implement the USB mass storage device class and then that most modern operating systems can read and write to them without installing device drivers. The flash drives nowadays a uncomplicated block-structured logical unit to the host operating system, hiding the individual circuitous implementation details of the various underlying flash retentivity devices. The operating organization tin utilize whatever file system or block addressing scheme. Some computers can boot up from wink drives.

Peculiarly manufactured flash drives are available that accept a tough rubber or metallic casing designed to be waterproof and most "unbreakable". These flash drives retain their memory later existence submerged in h2o, and even through a car wash. Leaving such a flash drive out to dry out completely earlier allowing current to run through it has been known to result in a working drive with no future issues. Channel Five's Gadget Show cooked one of these flash drives with propane, froze it with dry ice, submerged it in diverse acidic liquids, ran over it with a jeep and fired it confronting a wall with a mortar. A visitor specializing in recovering lost data from computer drives managed to recover all the data on the bulldoze.[70] All data on the other removable storage devices tested, using optical or magnetic technologies, were destroyed.

Comparison with other portable storage [edit]

Punched cards in storage at a U.S. Federal records center in 1959. All the information visible here could fit on a single flash drive.

Tape [edit]

The applications of current data record cartridges hardly overlap those of flash drives: on tape, cost per gigabyte is very low for big volumes, simply the individual drives and media are expensive. Media have a very high capacity and very fast transfer speeds, simply store data sequentially and are very slow for random access of data. While disk-based backup is now the primary medium of choice for almost companies, tape backup is however popular for taking information off-site for worst-instance scenarios and for very big volumes (more than a few hundreds of TB). See LTO tapes.

Floppy deejay [edit]

Size comparison of a wink drive and a 3.5-inch floppy disk. The flash bulldoze can agree about eleven,380 times more data.

Floppy disk drives are rarely fitted to modern computers and are obsolete for normal purposes, although internal and external drives can be fitted if required. Floppy disks may be the method of choice for transferring data to and from very onetime computers without USB or booting from floppy disks, and then they are sometimes used to change the firmware on, for example, BIOS chips. Devices with removable storage similar older Yamaha music keyboards are likewise dependent on floppy disks, which crave computers to process them. Newer devices are built with USB wink drive support.

Floppy disk hardware emulators exist which effectively employ the internal connections and physical attributes of a floppy disk drive to employ a device where a USB flash drive emulates the storage space of a floppy disk in a solid land form, and tin be divided into a number of individual virtual floppy disk images using individual data channels.

Optical media [edit]

The diverse writable and re-writable forms of CD and DVD are portable storage media supported by the vast majority of computers as of 2008. CD-R, DVD-R, and DVD+R tin can be written to only in one case, RW varieties up to almost 1,000 erase/write cycles, while modern NAND-based flash drives often last for 500,000 or more than erase/write cycles. DVD-RAM discs are the most suitable optical discs for information storage involving much rewriting.

Optical storage devices are among the cheapest methods of mass information storage afterwards the hard drive. They are slower than their flash-based counterparts. Standard 120 mm optical discs are larger than flash drives and more bailiwick to impairment. Smaller optical media do exist, such equally business concern card CD-Rs which have the same dimensions as a credit carte du jour, and the slightly less convenient but higher chapters fourscore mm recordable MiniCD and Mini DVD. The pocket-sized discs are more expensive than the standard size, and exercise not piece of work in all drives.

Universal Disk Format (UDF) version i.50 and above has facilities to support rewritable discs like sparing tables and virtual allocation tables, spreading usage over the entire surface of a disc and maximising life, but many older operating systems exercise not support this format. Bundle-writing utilities such every bit DirectCD and InCD are available but produce discs that are not universally readable (although based on the UDF standard). The Mount Rainier standard addresses this shortcoming in CD-RW media by running the older file systems on meridian of it and performing defect management for those standards, but information technology requires back up from both the CD/DVD burner and the operating arrangement. Many drives fabricated today do non support Mountain Rainier, and many older operating systems such equally Windows XP and below, and Linux kernels older than ii.vi.two, do not support information technology (later versions do). Essentially CDs/DVDs are a expert way to record a not bad deal of information cheaply and take the advantage of being readable by near standalone players, but they are poor at making ongoing small changes to a big collection of information. Flash drives' ability to do this is their major reward over optical media.

Flash memory cards [edit]

3 different Micro Center-branded digital media, showing a USB flash bulldoze, an SD card, and a Micro-SD card, all having a capacity of 8 GiB, side by side to a U.Due south v-cent coin for size comparison

Wink retentivity cards, due east.grand., Secure Digital cards, are available in various formats and capacities, and are used by many consumer devices. Even so, while about all PCs accept USB ports, assuasive the utilise of USB flash drives, memory menu readers are not commonly supplied as standard equipment (peculiarly with desktop computers). Although inexpensive card readers are available that read many common formats, this results in two pieces of portable equipment (card plus reader) rather than one.

Some manufacturers, aiming at a "best of both worlds" solution, have produced card readers that approach the size and class of USB flash drives (eastward.g., Kingston MobileLite,[71] SanDisk MobileMate[72]) These readers are express to a specific subset of retention card formats (such as SD, microSD, or Memory Stick), and often completely enclose the menu, offering durability and portability approaching, if not quite equal to, that of a flash drive. Although the combined cost of a mini-reader and a retentiveness bill of fare is usually slightly college than a USB wink drive of comparable capacity, the reader + card solution offers additional flexibility of use, and virtually "unlimited" capacity. The ubiquity of SD cards is such that, circa 2011, due to economies of calibration, their toll is at present less than an equivalent-capacity USB flash drive, even with the added cost of a USB SD bill of fare reader.

An additional reward of retentiveness cards is that many consumer devices (due east.g., digital cameras, portable music players) cannot make use of USB wink drives (even if the device has a USB port), whereas the memory cards used by the devices can be read by PCs with a menu reader.

External difficult disk [edit]

Particularly with the advent of USB, external hard disks have become widely bachelor and inexpensive. External hard disk drive drives currently cost less per gigabyte than flash drives and are available in larger capacities. Some hard drives back up culling and faster interfaces than USB 2.0 (eastward.thousand., Thunderbolt, FireWire and eSATA). For sequent sector writes and reads (for example, from an unfragmented file), most hard drives can provide a much higher sustained data charge per unit than electric current NAND wink memory, though mechanical latencies seriously impact difficult drive performance.

Unlike solid-state retentivity, hard drives are susceptible to damage past shock (due east.g., a short autumn) and vibration, have limitations on utilize at loftier altitude, and although they are shielded by their casings, they are vulnerable when exposed to stiff magnetic fields. In terms of overall mass, hard drives are usually larger and heavier than wink drives; nonetheless, difficult disks sometimes counterbalance less per unit of measurement of storage. Like flash drives, hard disks also suffer from file fragmentation, which can reduce admission speed[ citation needed ].

Obsolete devices [edit]

Sound tape cassettes and high-chapters floppy disks (e.g., Imation SuperDisk), and other forms of drives with removable magnetic media, such as the Iomega Aught drive and Jaz drives, are now largely obsolete and rarely used. There are products in today'due south marketplace that will emulate these legacy drives for both tape and disk (SCSI1/SCSI2, SASI, Magneto optic, Ricoh Nothing, Jaz, IBM3590/ Fujitsu 3490E and Bernoulli for example) in country-of-the-fine art Compact Flash storage devices – CF2SCSI.

Encryption and security [edit]

As highly portable media, USB flash drives are easily lost or stolen. All USB wink drives can have their contents encrypted using tertiary-party disk encryption software, which can often be run straight from the USB drive without installation (for example, FreeOTFE), although some, such every bit BitLocker, crave the user to have authoritative rights on every computer it is run on.

Archiving software can accomplish a similar result by creating encrypted ZIP or RAR files.[73] [74]

Some manufacturers have produced USB flash drives which employ hardware-based encryption as role of the design,[75] removing the need for 3rd-party encryption software. In express circumstances these drives have been shown to take security problems, and are typically more than expensive than software-based systems, which are available for complimentary.

A minority of flash drives support biometric fingerprinting to confirm the user's identity. Every bit of mid-2005[update],[ needs update ] this was an expensive alternative to standard password protection offered on many new USB flash storage devices. Most fingerprint scanning drives rely upon the host operating organization to validate the fingerprint via a software driver, often restricting the bulldoze to Microsoft Windows computers. Nevertheless, there are USB drives with fingerprint scanners which utilise controllers that let access to protected data without any authentication.[76]

Some manufacturers deploy physical authentication tokens in the form of a flash drive. These are used to command access to a sensitive system past containing encryption keys or, more than unremarkably, communicating with security software on the target machine. The system is designed so the target machine will not operate except when the flash drive device is plugged into it. Some of these "PC lock" devices too role every bit normal flash drives when plugged into other machines.

Controversies [edit]

Criticisms [edit]

Failures [edit]

Like all flash memory devices, wink drives can sustain only a limited number of write and erase cycles earlier the drive fails.[77] [ unreliable source? ] [78] This should be a consideration when using a flash drive to run application software or an operating arrangement. To accost this, too every bit space limitations, some developers have produced special versions of operating systems (such equally Linux in Live USB)[79] or commonplace applications (such as Mozilla Firefox) designed to run from flash drives. These are typically optimized for size and configured to identify temporary or intermediate files in the computer's main RAM rather than store them temporarily on the flash drive.

When used in the same manner as external rotating drives (hard drives, optical drives, or floppy drives), i.eastward. in ignorance of their engineering science, USB drives' failure is more likely to exist sudden: while rotating drives can fail instantaneously, they more frequently give some indication (noises, slowness) that they are about to fail, ofttimes with enough accelerate warning that data can be removed before full failure. USB drives give little or no advance warning of failure. Furthermore, when internal article of clothing-leveling is applied to prolong life of the wink drive, one time failure of even part of the retentiveness occurs it tin can be difficult or impossible to use the rest of the drive, which differs from magnetic media, where bad sectors can be marked permanently not to be used.[fourscore]

Most USB flash drives do not include a write protection machinery. This feature, which gradually became less common, consists of a switch on the housing of the drive itself, that prevents the host reckoner from writing or modifying data on the bulldoze. For case, write protection makes a device suitable for repairing virus-contaminated host computers without the risk of infecting a USB flash drive itself. In contrast to SD cards, write protection on USB flash drives (when available) is continued to the drive circuitry, and is handled by the bulldoze itself instead of the host (on SD cards handling of the write-protection notch is optional).

A drawback to the small physical size of flash drives is that they are easily misplaced or otherwise lost. This is a particular problem if they contain sensitive data (see information security). As a consequence, some manufacturers accept added encryption hardware to their drives, although software encryption systems which tin be used in conjunction with any mass storage medium will achieve the same result. Most drives can be attached to keychains or lanyards. The USB plug is usually retractable or fitted with a removable protective cap.

Robustness [edit]

Virtually USB-based flash technology integrates a printed circuit lath with a metal tip, which is simply soldered on. As a effect, the stress point is where the two pieces bring together. The quality control of some manufacturers does non ensure a proper solder temperature, farther weakening the stress point.[81] [82] Since many flash drives stick out from computers, they are likely to be bumped repeatedly and may break at the stress point. Most of the fourth dimension, a pause at the stress bespeak tears the joint from the printed circuit board and results in permanent harm. Nevertheless, some manufacturers produce unimposing flash drives that do non stick out, and others use a solid metal or plastic uni-body that has no hands discernible stress point. SD cards serve equally a good alternative to USB drives since they can be inserted flush.

Security threats [edit]

USB killer [edit]

In appearance similar to a USB wink drive, a USB killer is a circuit that charges upwards capacitors to a loftier voltage using the power supply pins of a USB port then discharges high voltage pulses onto the data pins. This completely standalone device can instantly and permanently harm or destroy whatever host hardware that it is continued to.[83]

"Flash Drives for Freedom" [edit]

The New York-based Human being Rights Foundation collaborated with Forum 280 and USB Retentiveness Directly to launch the "Wink Drives for Freedom" programme.[84] [85] The plan was created in 2016 to smuggle flash drives with American and Southward Korean movies and boob tube shows, as well equally a copy of the Korean Wikipedia, into Due north Korea to spread pro-Western sentiment.[86] [87]

Current and future developments [edit]

The internals of a 32 GB Toshiba USB 3.0 flash bulldoze. The USB iii.0 standard is condign increasingly popular. This drive has a write speed of 60 MB/due south and a read speed of 120 MB/due south, making it faster than the USB 2.0 standard.

Semiconductor corporations have worked to reduce the cost of the components in a flash drive past integrating various flash drive functions in a unmarried chip, thereby reducing the part-count and overall package-cost.

Flash bulldoze capacities on the market increase continually. High speed has become a standard for modern wink drives. Capacities exceeding 256 GB were available on the market as early as 2009.[69]

Lexar is attempting to introduce a USB FlashCard, which would exist a meaty USB flash drive intended to replace various kinds of flash retentiveness cards. Pretec introduced a like card, which also plugs into whatever USB port, but is but one quarter the thickness of the Lexar model.[88] Until 2008, SanDisk manufactured a production chosen SD Plus, which was a SecureDigital carte du jour with a USB connector.[89]

SanDisk has also introduced a new engineering to allow controlled storage and usage of copyrighted materials on flash drives, primarily for employ by students. This engineering is termed FlashCP.

Run into likewise [edit]

  • Listing of computer hardware
  • Memristor
  • Microdrive
  • Nonvolatile BIOS retention
  • Portable application
  • ReadyBoost
  • Sneakernet
  • Solid-state bulldoze (SSD)
  • USB expressionless driblet
  • USB Flash Drive Alliance
  • Windows To Become
  • Disk enclosure
  • External storage

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Jumpdrive is a Lexar trademark.[2] Less common names are disk primal, deejay on key (later on the original Thou-Systems DiskOnKey drive from 2000),[three] flash stick, gig stick, memory stick (non to be confused with the Sony Retention Stick), pen bulldoze, USB drive, USB key, USB retentiveness, or USB stick. For an incomplete list of alternative names, see the list of redirects to this article.

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